Albert einstein inventions

Carl Einstein

German art historian (–)

Carl Einstein, born Karl Einstein, also known by pseudonym Savine Ree Urian[1] (26 April – 5 July ),[1] was a German writer, art historian, anarchist, and critic.

Regarded as one of the first critics to appreciate the development of Cubism, as well as for his work on African art and influence on the Europeanavant-garde, Einstein was a friend and colleague of such figures as George Grosz, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler.

His work combined many strands of both political and aesthetic discourse into his writings, addressing both the developing aesthetic of modern art and the political situation in Europe.

Einstein's involvement in social and political life was characterized by communist sympathies and anarchist views. A target of the German right wing during the interwar Weimar period, Einstein left Germany for France in , a half-decade ahead of the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, later taking part in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Republican forces during the s.

Trapped in southern France following Nazi Germany's defeat of the French Third Republic, Einstein killed himself by jumping from a bridge[2] on 5 July

Early life

Carl Einstein who was born to a German Jewish family on 26 April , in the Rhineland town of Neuwied.[1] The second child born to Daniel Einstein, an active member of the local Jewish community, and Sophie Einstein, Carl was a year younger than his sister Hedwig, who would become known as a concert pianist and the wife of sculptor Benno Elkan.

Short biography einstein Although the two disagreed on physics, they shared a mutual admiration. Einstein later renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen at the dawn of the new century. According to Discovery. His first attempt was a failure because he failed exams in botany, zoology and languages.

A third child born to Daniel and Sophie died in The young Carl Einstein spent much of his youth in Karlsruhe before moving to Berlin to study philosophy and art history in Originally given the standard German spelling of his first name as "Karl" at birth, he adopted the Latinized spelling "Carl" in the s.

In Berlin he attended the lectures of Georg Simmel and Heinrich Wölfflin but lacking a high school diploma (Abitur) he could not gain a doctorate.[3] In he visited Paris and learnt of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and Juan Gris, as well as other artists.

Upon his return he started writing prose and joined the radical circle around Franz Pfemfert and his magazine Die Aktion. This led to the publication of Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders in serialised form in Die Aktion in , with a subsequent volume collecting the episodes in a single book. In he married Maria Ramm, the sister of Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert and so becoming Franz's brother in law.[3]

Wartime experience

Einstein welcomed the outbreak of war and volunteered for the Imperial German Army.[4] served as a soldier of Imperial Germany in World War I.

The majority of his wartime service was spent in German-occupied Belgium. The work carried out by German scholars on Congolese art during the occupation would prove to be considerably helpful in Einstein's later efforts to encourage the beginning of a serious appreciation of black African art by Europeans.[5]

Einstein’s life after the First World War was marked by the violent political and social implications of the war and revolutionary sentiment following the Hohenzollern monarchy's collapse.

He was actively involved in the short-lived Revolutionary Brussels Soldiers' Council and to a lesser extent in the failed Spartacist Uprising in Berlin and later in the defeated anarchist Durruti Column during the Spanish Civil War.

Confusion with Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was offered a part-time professorship at Leiden University in Hendrik Lorentz, one of the people who organised the offer saw it as way of promoting international reconciliation following the First World War.

However, when the proposed appointment was passed to the government bureaucracy for approval as University professors were regarded as senior civil servants who required royal approval. However, a Dutch military intelligence report was submitted to the Minister of EducationJohannes Theodoor de Visser, which gave an account of Carl Einstein's activities in the Brussels Soldiers' Council.

This caused delays in governmental approval for the appointment. This was accompanied by a number of accounts of Carl's agitational activity during the German Revolution, including Carl's graveside oration after the murder of Rosa Luxemburg, which frequently omitted his first name. It is possible that this confusion led Paul Weyland to coin the phrase "scientific Dadaism".

Indeed, Hannah Höch featured the inclusion of the image of Albert Einstein in her collage Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser. Dada durch die letzte weimarer Bierbauchkulturepoche Deutschlands, which was exhibited in the first International Dada Fair, held in Berlin in [4]

Post-war career

Einstein established a reputation as a well-known author and art critic on the basis of work ranging from his debut novel Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders, to his widely read work on African sculpture Negerplastik (Negro Sculpture), credited as being one of the first important books acknowledging African art in Europe (and especially its relationship to Cubism), the final volume of the prestigious Propyläen Verlag history of art series Die Kunst des Jahrhunderts (Art of the 20th Century), which may have gained him an invitation to teach at the Bauhaus (he declined), to the notorious play Die Schlimme Botschaft.

Another Africa-related book is Afrikanische Märchen und Legenden, a compilation of African mythology in very expressive language. Einstein also worked on numerous journals and collective projects, among some of the more important: Die Aktion edited by Franz Pfemfert, Die Pleite and Der Blutige Ernst with George Grosz, and the legendary journal Documents: Doctrines, Archéologie, Beaux-arts, Ethnographie edited with Georges Bataille.

Einstein's avant-garde orientation and leftist political sympathies made him a marked man for right-wing attacks during the Weimar Republic. His passion playDie Schlimme Botschaft (The Sad Tidings, or The Bad News) was met with attacks as blasphemous; its publication resulted in a legal process and a conviction for blasphemy in , and Einstein was forced to atone for the revolutionary ideas placed into the mouth of his Jesus Christ with a 15,mark fine.[6]

Better received in France, Einstein left Germany for permanent residence in France in ; with Adolf Hitler's rise to power in , the exile became permanent and officially mandated.

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    • Having met Lyda Guévrékian in , Einstein married her in The French Cubist painter and sculptor, Georges Braque, served as a witness.[7]

    Einstein spent fighting in the Spanish Civil War; returning to France where in , he was arrested and interned along with the other German émigrés until his liberation later in the spring of as a result of chaotic circumstances in the face of the rapidly progressing German invasion.

    Although able to escape the German occupation of Paris during the Fall of France and flee to the south, he was left trapped on the French border with Francoist Spain.

    Seeing no alternatives, Einstein committed suicide in the Pyrenees town of Lestelle-Betharram on 5 July [1][8]

    See also

    Works

    • Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders.

      Ein Roman. Berlin: Verlag der Wochenschrift Die Aktion,

    • Neue Blätter. Berlin: Baron,
    • Wilhelm Lehmbrucks graphisches Werk. Berlin: Cassirer,
    • Negerplastik. Leipzig: Verlag der weißen Bücher, Internet Archive.
    • Der Unentwegte Platoniker. Leipzig: Wolff,
    • Afrikanische Plastik.

      Berlin: Wasmuth (Orbis pictus, Weltkunst-Bücherei; 7).

    • Die schlimme Botschaft. Berlin: Rowohlt,
    • Der frühere japanische Holzschnitt. Berlin: Wasmuth (Orbis pictus, Weltkunst-Bücherei; 16).
    • Afrikanische Märchen und Legenden; herausgegeben von Carl Einstaein, Rowohlt, Neuausgabe () MEDUSA Verlag Wölk + Schmid, Berlin.
    • African Legends, First english edition, Pandavia, Berlin ISBN&#;
    • Die Kunst des Jahrhunderts.

      Berlin: Propyläen, (Propyläen-Kunstgeschichte; 16).

    • Entwurf einer Landschaft.

      Albert einstein death: While working at the patent office, Einstein did some of the most creative work of his life, producing no fewer than four groundbreaking articles in alone. He dropped out of school in and moved to Switzerland, where he resumed his schooling and later gained admission to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. He devoted the last period of his life trying to formulate a final unified field theory which included a rational explanation for electromagnetism. Toward the end of the s, Max Talmud, a Polish medical student who sometimes dined with the Einstein family, became an informal tutor to young Einstein.

      Paris: Kahnweiler,

    • Giorgio de Chirico. Berlin: Galerie Flechtheim,
    • Die Kunst des XX. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Propyläen,
    • Georges Braque. Paris: Editions des chroniques du jour. London: Zwemmer. New York: E. Weyhe,

    As editor

    In , along with George Grosz, he edited the magazine Der blutige Ernst (the title is a pun on "Bloody Ernest" / "Bloody Earnest"), which was published by Trianon Verlag, Berlin[9]

    Collected editions

    • Gesammelte Werke.

      Hermann relocated the family to Milan, Italy, in the mids after his business lost out on a major contract. Einstein said after the war. New York: Arcade Publishing. Updated 2nd March

      Herausgegeben von Ernst Nef. Wiesbaden: Limes,

    • Carl Einstein. Die Fabrikation der Fiktionen, Gesammelte Werke in Einzelausgaben, Sibylle Penkert (ed.), Reinbek b. Hamburg, Rowohlt,
    • Werke. 3 Bände, Berlin: Medusa,
    • Bebuquin oder Die Dilettanten des Wunders.

      I wanted to learn what I wanted to know, but they wanted me to learn for the exam. It bored me. During the s, other scientists started developing the work of Einstein and coming to different conclusions on Quantum Physics. Thank u Albert for discovering all this and all the wonderful things u did!!!!

      Prosa und Schriften . Published by Hermann Haarmann and Klaus Siebenhaar. Leipzig, Weimar: Kiepenheuer,

    • Werke. Berliner Ausgabe.

    • Published by Hermann Haarmann and Klaus Siebenhaar. 6 volumes, Berlin: Fannei & Walz,

    References

    Notes

    1. ^ abcdefgHagestedt, Lutz (10 November ).

      Dürrenmatt - Ernestus (in German). Walter de Gruyter. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    2. ^Alan Riding - And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris
    3. ^ abSorensen, Lee. "Einstein, Carl (or Karl); Urian, Savine Ree, pseudonym".

      Dictionary of Art Historians. Duke University. Retrieved 3 February

    4. ^ abvan Dongen, Jeroen (15 May ). "Mistaken Identity and Mirror Images: Albert and Carl Einstein, Leiden and Berlin, Relativity and Revolution". Physics in Perspective. 14 (2): – arXiv BibcodePhPV.

      doi/sy. S2CID&#;

    5. ^Carbonell, Bettina Messias (). Museum Studies: An Anthology of Contexts. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. p. ISBN&#;, ISBN&#;
    6. ^Palmier, Jean Michel (). Weimar in Exile: The Antifascist Emigration in Europe and America. London: Verso. p.

      Carl albert biography einstein Jump to: Who Was Albert Einstein? Roosevelt headed his advice and started the Manhattan project to develop the US atom bomb. Among our ranks are book authors and award-winning journalists. Though he published an article on the theory in Scientific American in , it remained unfinished when he died, of an aortic aneurysm, five years later.

      ISBN&#;, ISBN&#;

    7. ^Danchev, Alex (). Georges Braque: A Life. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. ISBN&#;, ISBN&#;
    8. ^Lester, David (). Suicide and the Holocaust. Nova Publishers. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    9. ^Shipe, Timothy. "Der Blutige Ernst No. 4". Iowa Digital Library.

      Trianon/Iowa Digital Library. Retrieved 6 September

    Bibliography

    • Johann Siemon: Einstein und Benn — Geschichte einer Entfernung? In: Kiefer, Klaus H. (Hg.): Carl-Einstein-Kolloquium . Frankfurt, Berlin, New York, Paris, Vienna S.
    • Reto Sorg: Aus den "Gärten der Zeichen".

      Zu Carl Einstein "Bebuquin". Munich: Fink

    • Dirk de Pol: Die Kant-Rezeption in der Ästhetik des frühen Carl Einstein In: Philosophisches Jahrbuch, Jahrgang , 1. Halbband
    • Alexander Emanuely: "La paz que mata - Carl Einstein aus der Asche", in ContextXXI /
    • David Quigley: "Carl Einstein - A Defense of the Real", Vienna: Walther Konig.

    • Liliane Meffre, "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler und Carl Einstein: Die Wahlverwandtschaft", in Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler: Kunsthändler Verleger Schriftsteller, Stuttgart: Hatje, , p.
    • Andreas Schmid: Kleinformate der Weltkunst. Serielle Bildbände nach Hedwig Fechheimer und Carl Einstein. In: Kleinformate im Umbruch. Mobile Medien für Widerstand und Kooperation (–). Hrsg.

      von Caroline Adler, Maddalena Casarini und Daphne Weber, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston , S. 95– (= Minima 8).

    External links